Advaita Vedanta is a school of Hindu philosophy and spiritual practice that emphasizes non-dualism, the idea that the individual soul (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman) are one and the same. It is one of the oldest and most influential sub-schools of the Vedanta branch of Hindu philosophy. The term "Advaita" is derived from the Sanskrit words "a" (not) and "dvaita" (dual), meaning "not dual" or non-dual. Advaita Vedanta asserts that the perceived duality between the self and the universe is an illusion (maya), and through spiritual insight and practices, one can attain the realization of this fundamental unity, leading to liberation (moksha).
The foundational texts of Advaita Vedanta include the Upanishads, which form the latter part of the Vedic texts, the Brahma Sutras, and the Bhagavad Gita. The principal exponent of Advaita Vedanta was the sage Adi Shankaracharya, who lived in the early 8th century CE. Shankaracharya's commentaries on these core scriptures, along with his various philosophical treatises, helped establish and formalize Advaita Vedanta, distinguishing it from other Vedantic traditions like Vishishtadvaita and Dvaita which advocate qualified non-dualism and dualism, respectively. His works emphasize the importance of Jnana (knowledge) in realizing the true nature of reality.
In practice, Advaita Vedanta advocates for a path of knowledge and self-inquiry, often referred to as JnanaYoga. This path involves deep meditation, reflection, and the guidance of a guru to understand the illusory nature of the world and the non-separation between the self and the absolute. The practice of neti-neti (not this, not this) is frequently used to shed attachments and identifications with the ephemeral, thereby moving closer to the realization of the self as Brahman. This philosophical approach aims to transcend all forms of physical and mental limitations, leading practitioners toward spiritual liberation.
Advaita Vedanta has significantly influenced both Eastern and Western thought. In the modern era, it has been popularized by figures like Swami Vivekananda, Ramana Maharshi, and more recently, Eckhart Tolle, who have all contributed to its interpretation and dissemination across cultures. Its teachings on the oneness of existence and the illusion of separation have also found resonance in various New Age and non-dual spiritual movements. As a philosophical system, Advaita continues to be a subject of study and practice, offering profound insights into the nature of reality and the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment. Its universal message of unity and peace remains relevant in addressing the existential quests and challenges of human life.