The term Bodhisattva is a profound concept in Mahayana Buddhism, representing an individual on the path to becoming a Buddha, who has generated Bodhicitta — an altruistic intention to achieve enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient beings. Unlike Arhats in Theravada Buddhism who seek enlightenment for personal liberation, Bodhisattvas vow to first attain enlightenment and then continue to reincarnate to assist others in achieving the same spiritual liberation. This path isn't merely about self-enlightenment but is deeply intertwined with universal compassion and the commitment to help others. The Bodhisattva ideal emphasizes the qualities of generosity, ethics, patience, effort, meditation, and wisdom, which are cultivated through dedicated practice and moral conduct.
In the development of a Bodhisattva, there are traditionally outlined stages called Bhūmis, or "grounds/levels", which describe the progression through the Bodhisattva path. There are ten principal stages, beginning with the "Joyous" where the Bodhisattva first generates spontaneous Bodhicitta, and culminating in the "Cloud of Dharma" where they attain a state close to full Buddhahood. Each stage involves deeper levels of meditative absorption and ethical conduct, reflecting significant advancements in understanding and manifesting the qualities of a Buddha.
The role of a Bodhisattva also extends into various cultural representations across Asia, influenced by different interpretations and teachings within the various sects of Buddhism. In Tibetan Buddhism, figures like Avalokiteshvara, who embodies the compassion of all Buddhas, and Manjushri, who represents supreme wisdom, are revered as Bodhisattvas. These figures are often depicted artistically in statues and paintings, serving as devotional icons that inspire practitioners on their spiritual journey. Their stories and qualities form a core part of the Mahayana Buddhist teachings, illustrating the virtues that all practitioners should cultivate.
Furthermore, the concept of the Bodhisattva has evolved to capture a more accessible interpretation for lay practitioners, not just monastics or those in intense meditative practice. In this sense, anyone who aspires to the Bodhisattva path and works to alleviate suffering in their daily lives can be considered a Bodhisattva. This democratization of the spiritual path highlights the universal applicability of Buddha's teachings and the inclusive nature of Mahayana Buddhism. By embodying the principles of a Bodhisattva, individuals contribute to the betterment of society, promoting a world filled with empathy, understanding, and collective enlightenment.