The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is a crucial international agreement between governments aimed at ensuring that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Adopted on March 3, 1973, and entering into force on July 1, 1975, CITES offers varying degrees of protection to more than 35,000 species of animals and plants. Whether traded as live specimens, fur coats, or dried herbs, the goal is to ensure the sustainability of the trade to prevent these species from becoming endangered or extinct. CITES functions by subjecting international trade in specimens of selected species to certain controls, which are detailed in three appendices based on the degree of protection needed.
Each of the appendices in CITES has a specific role. Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants. These are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for instance, for scientific research. In contrast, Appendix II species are not necessarily threatened with extinction but may become so unless trade is closely controlled. It includes species that although currently not necessarily threatened with extinction, are at risk unless trade is regulated. Lastly, Appendix III contains species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling the trade.
Decisions about which species are included in which appendix are made at meetings of the Conference of the Parties (CoP), which occurs approximately every three years. This is an opportunity for the 183 member countries to review the implementation of CITES, make provisions for improving the effectiveness of the treaty, and consider amendments to the lists of species in the appendices based on scientific and trade information. These decisions are influenced by scientific trade data, research on population and habitat status, and potentially the impact of international trade on the species in question.
Enforcement of CITES regulations is a major challenge and requires collaboration across international borders. National authorities in each member country are responsible for ensuring adherence to treaty provisions, which often involves monitoring borders, managing permits, and engaging in public education campaigns about the dangers of illegal wildlife trade. Despite these efforts, illegal wildlife trade remains a significant global issue, driven by demand for exotic pets, trophies, and ingredients for traditional medicine, posing continuous threats to biodiversity. Through international cooperation and the effective implementation of CITES, there is hope for the protection of many species threatened by international trade. The work of CITES is crucial in fostering a balanced relationship between human needs and the preservation of the natural world, ensuring that wildlife trade is sustainable and not detrimental to the survival of species on our planet.