The term "Hindu" originates from the Sanskrit word "Sindhu," which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. The Persian invaders who came through the northwestern passes called the people living beyond the River Indus "Hindus." Over time, the label "Hindu" evolved from a geographical to a religious connotation. The term was further popularized and given its current meaning during the colonial period when the British used it to categorize the multitude of faith practices found across India under one umbrella. Thus, "Hinduism" as an identity emerged as a collective term for the various religious and spiritual practices indigenous to India, which differ from the Abrahamic religions.
Hinduism, often considered the world's oldest religion, is a complex, polytheistic, and philosophically rich tradition characterized by a belief in reincarnation, karma, and a pursuit of Dharma (moral duty). Unlike many other religions, Hinduism has no single founder, no single scripture, and no commonly agreed set of teachings. Its scriptures include the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, and the epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana, among others. These texts cover a wide array of philosophy, mythology, theology, and spiritual guidance, making Hinduism a highly diverse religion that can accommodate a range of beliefs and practices.
Central to Hindu theology is the concept of Brahman, the universal soul or God, which is present in every aspect of the universe and every living being. This belief in the Divinity of existence and the interconnectedness of all life forms is a significant aspect of Hindu thought. The multiple manifestations of God, such as Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, and the Goddess Devi in Hinduism, provide the followers with a variety of divine figures to worship based on their familial traditions and regional practices. This diversity in deities and practices reflects the broader principle of Pluralism that is intrinsic to Hindu philosophy, accommodating various paths to spirituality and truth.
Hindu culture has also profoundly impacted the social and cultural framework of the Indian subcontinent through its rituals, festivals, music, dance, and architecture. Major Hindu festivals such as Diwali (the Festival of Lights), Holi (the Festival of Colors), and Navaratri (a nine-night celebration of the Goddess) are celebrated with great enthusiasm and are integral to the cultural identity of many Indians. Furthermore, concepts such as Ahimsa (non-violence) and Yoga (spiritual and physical disciplines) have found global resonance, influencing lifestyles and philosophical outlooks worldwide. Hinduism's vast heritage and its capacity to integrate various cultural elements make it a pivotal contributor to the religious and cultural tapestry of the world.