Hypercalcemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. Normally, calcium levels in the blood are tightly controlled by the body, as calcium is essential for many critical functions, including bone health, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. The normal range for calcium levels in adults typically falls between 8.5 and 10.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). When calcium levels exceed this range, hypercalcemia results. This condition can stem from a variety of causes, ranging from underlying diseases to dietary factors or certain medications.
One of the primary causes of hypercalcemia is hyperparathyroidism, where one or more of the parathyroid glands are overactive. These glands, located behind the thyroid at the base of the neck, are responsible for regulating calcium levels through the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). When PTH levels are excessively high, calcium is released from the bones into the bloodstream, increasing blood calcium levels. Other causes include cancer, particularly lung, breast, and blood cancers like multiple myeloma, which can cause calcium to leach out of bones or affect the kidneys' ability to remove excess calcium.
Symptoms of hypercalcemia can vary widely depending on the severity and the rate of increase in blood calcium levels. Mild cases might not present noticeable symptoms initially, while more severe cases can cause polyuria (increased urine production), polydipsia (increased thirst), kidney stones, bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, and neurological symptoms such as confusion, lethargy, and even depression. If left untreated, severe hypercalcemia can lead to cardiac arrhythmias or neurological impairments, posing significant health risks.
Treatment for hypercalcemia depends on the underlying cause, severity of the condition, and the presence of associated symptoms. Mild cases may simply require monitoring and lifestyle adjustments, such as reducing dietary calcium intake. More severe cases might necessitate medical interventions such as hydration, medications to inhibit bone resorption like bisphosphonates, or treatment of the underlying condition causing the high calcium levels. In cases of hyperparathyroidism, surgical removal of the affected parathyroid gland(s) may be necessary. Understanding and addressing hypercalcemia promptly is crucial to prevent its potentially serious complications.