Just Intonation is a musical tuning system that constructs notes based on pure, whole-number ratios of frequencies. In contrast to Equal Temperament, which divides the octave into 12 equal steps, Just Intonation relies on the harmonic relationships found naturally in the harmonic series. This system aims to achieve perfectly consonant intervals, as the frequency ratios between notes, such as 3:2 for a perfect fifth or 5:4 for a major third, are simple and mathematically precise. The purity of these intervals results from their derivation from the natural harmonics of vibrating strings or air columns, which resonate at frequencies that are integer multiples of a fundamental frequency. This approach to tuning can create a sense of resonance and harmony that is profoundly satisfying and has been described as more 'natural' sounding to the human ear.
One of the challenges and beauties of Just Intonation is its variability and adaptability. Unlike the fixed pitches of Equal Temperament, Just Intonation can vary depending on the musical context, allowing for a range of tuning adjustments to optimize consonance or evoke particular emotions through dissonance. This flexibility, however, also introduces complexity in composing and performing music, particularly in ensemble settings or compositions requiring modulation between different keys. Since each key might require different frequency ratios to maintain pure intervals, instruments might need retuning during a performance, or specific instruments might be built to accommodate just tunings.
Historically, Just Intonation is not a new concept; it has roots in ancient musical cultures. Greek philosopher Pythagoras is often credited with the early exploration of musical intervals through simple frequency ratios, establishing a foundational understanding of Just Intonation. During the Renaissance, theorists and composers experimented with these ideas to create music that closely aligned with harmonic naturalism. The system saw a decline in popularity as the well-tempered system came into favor in the 18th century, simplifying the tuning process for the burgeoning repertoire that required modulation across various keys.
In contemporary music, interest in Just Intonation has resurged among certain composers and musicians who seek to explore its unique sonic possibilities. Modern technology has also facilitated more practical implementations of Just Intonation, with digital instruments and software able to handle the complex tuning systems automatically. This revival is part of a broader exploration of alternate tuning systems within the experimental and avantgarde music scenes. Artists and groups such as La Monte Young and the Just Intonation Network continue to experiment and advocate for the rich textures and sonic landscapes that this tuning system offers, signaling a vibrant area of ongoing musical discovery and innovation.