Vikalpas are a fundamental concept within Indian philosophical traditions, particularly in the Yoga and Sāṃkhya systems. The term itself is derived from Sanskrit, where 'vi-' suggests separation or distinction, and 'kalpa' means idea or imagination. In this context, Vikalpas refer to the cognitive process of imagination or conceptualization that is not necessarily based on direct sensory experience or factual reality. These are one of the five types of vrittis (mental modifications or thought waves) that the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali describe, the others being pramana (valid cognition), viparyaya (misconception), nidra (sleep), and smriti (memory).
In the classical yoga tradition, as outlined by Patanjali, Vikalpas are seen as potential obstacles to achieving the state of yoga, which is characterized by the cessation of all mental fluctuations. According to Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, Vikalpas are based on word knowledge or verbal delusion that does not correspond to real objects. These mental constructions can arise from words or phrases one hears, which the mind then constructs into objects or scenarios that have no basis in reality. For instance, the description of a mythical creature like a unicorn can create a vivid conceptualization, but no such creature exists in the physical world.
Philosophically, the discussion of Vikalpas touches upon significant themes in Indian thought, such as the nature of reality and the power of language and perception. In Sāṃkhya philosophy, which is closely associated with Yoga, the material world (Prakriti) is seen as separate from the true self or consciousness (Purusha). Vikalpas, then, can be understood as creations of Prakriti that may entangle consciousness further into the illusion of duality and multiplicity, thereby obstructing spiritual liberation or self-realization. This underscores the importance of discernment (viveka) in spiritual practice, to distinguish between mere conceptualizations and direct experiential knowledge.
In practical yogic application, managing Vikalpas involves practices like meditation, which help quiet the mind and reduce reliance on verbal-conceptual constructs. The goal is to move beyond the superficial layers of constructed reality—often reinforced by language and societal norms—to experience the more profound states of consciousness where true insight resides. This journey involves recognizing the often-subtle distinction between what is perceived (Vikalpa) and what is real. By mastering control over these mental modifications, one achieves clarity of perception, leading to a deeper understanding of the self and the universe. The process of transcending Vikalpas is crucial for anyone on the yogic path aiming for moksha (liberation) or deeper spiritual awareness. Such practices emphasize the transformative power of yoga beyond physical postures, delving into the realms of mental and philosophical refinement.