Atherosclerosis is a chronic condition characterized by the thickening and hardening of the arteries, which are the blood vessels responsible for transporting oxygen-rich blood from the heart to various parts of the body. This disease unfolds as fatty deposits, or plaques, accumulate along the inner walls of arteries, gradually narrowing and stiffening them. This process can significantly impede the flow of blood and consequently reduce the oxygen supply to vital organs and tissues. The development of atherosclerosis typically spans several decades, often manifesting serious symptoms only when the artery becomes severely narrowed or completely blocked.
The initiation of atherosclerosis is frequently linked to damage to the endothelium, the innermost layer of the artery. Factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, and diabetes are known to inflict such damage. Upon injury to the endothelium, cholesterol, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL), begins to accumulate in the artery wall. The body's immune system responds by sending white blood cells to absorb the cholesterol, which can lead to the formation of a fatty streak – the earliest sign of plaque formation. Over time, these streaks can evolve into larger plaques.
The danger of atherosclerotic plaques is twofold. Firstly, they can restrict blood flow by physically clogging the artery. Secondly, if a plaque ruptures, it can lead to the formation of a blood clot, which can completely obstruct blood flow. This sudden blockage is the primary cause of acute cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks and strokes. The regions most commonly affected by atherosclerosis include the heart, brain, legs, and kidneys. Each site of blockage presents distinct symptoms and complications, ranging from chest pain (angina) and heart attacks, to transient ischemic attacks, strokes, or peripheral artery disease.
Prevention and management of atherosclerosis involve lifestyle modifications and, in some cases, medication. Key preventative measures include maintaining a healthy diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol, engaging in regular physical activity, avoiding tobacco use, and managing stress. For those already affected, medications such as statins may be prescribed to lower cholesterol levels, while antiplatelet drugs help prevent clot formation. In severe cases, surgical interventions such as angioplasty or bypass surgery may be necessary to restore adequate blood flow. Continued research and public health education are crucial in reducing the incidence of this potentially life-threatening condition, emphasizing the importance of early detection and proactive management.