Diabetes mellitus, commonly known simply as diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. The condition stems from either inadequate production of the hormone insulin by the pancreas (BetaCells), a resistance to the actions of insulin by the body's cells, or both. Insulin is vital for the transport of glucose from the bloodstream into cells, where it is used for energy. Without proper insulin function, glucose accumulates in the blood, leading to hyperglycemia, which can cause a slew of health problems if not managed effectively.
There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This type usually develops in childhood or adolescence. Type 2 diabetes, which is far more common, typically develops in adults and is often associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and poor diet, though genetics also play a crucial role. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth, but it increases the mother's risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
Managing diabetes involves a combination of lifestyle changes, monitoring blood glucose levels, and medications or insulin therapy. Diet and exercise are crucial; a diet low in refined sugars and carbohydrates, and rich in nutrients and fiber (Micronutrients), helps manage blood glucose levels. Regular physical activity helps the body use insulin more efficiently. Many people with diabetes need to take medications like metformin or insulin injections to help their bodies maintain normal blood glucose levels. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems and InsulinPumps are advanced technological aids that help some patients manage their condition more effectively.
Complications from diabetes can be severe and include cardiovascular disease, nerve damage (Neuropathy), kidney damage (nephropathy), eye damage (retinopathy), and foot damage, which can lead to amputations. Moreover, diabetes significantly increases the risk of other serious conditions such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Effective management of diabetes is therefore critical and requires regular monitoring and medical check-ups to prevent complications. Awareness and education about the signs, symptoms, and risk factors for diabetes can lead to early diagnosis and treatment, which improve long-term outcomes.