Xerostomia, commonly known as dry mouth, refers to a condition characterized by a decrease in saliva production by the salivary glands. This medical issue can lead to various uncomfortable and potentially harmful symptoms, affecting one's oral health and overall quality of life. The production of saliva is crucial as it not only helps in the digestion of food by moistening it, making it easier to chew and swallow, but also plays a key role in protecting the teeth and gums by neutralizing acids produced by bacteria in the mouth, thus helping to prevent tooth decay and gum diseases.
The causes of xerostomia are diverse and can include factors such as side effects from certain medications (e.g., antihistamines, decongestants, antidepressants, and high blood pressure medications), diseases and infections (such as Sjögren's syndrome, HIV/AIDS, and diabetes), medical treatments that damage the salivary glands (like radiation therapy to the head and neck regions for cancer treatment), or simply aging. Moreover, lifestyle choices such as smoking or chewing tobacco can exacerbate dry mouth. It is essential for individuals experiencing symptoms of xerostomia to review their medications and health conditions with healthcare providers to identify possible causes.
Symptoms of xerostomia can vary widely but primarily include a sticky, dry feeling in the mouth, frequent thirst, sores in the mouth, cracked lips, a dry feeling in the throat, and a burning or tingling sensation in the mouth and especially on the tongue. Other complications may involve difficulty in speaking, tasting, chewing, and swallowing. Bad breath is another common repercussion of dry mouth. For diagnosis, healthcare providers might measure the saliva flow rate, examine medical history, and conduct tests to check for related disorders like autoimmune diseases.
Management and treatment of xerostomia aim to alleviate symptoms and prevent tooth decay. Strategies include staying hydrated, using saliva substitutes, maintaining rigorous oral hygiene, and possibly using medications that help stimulate saliva production. Sugar-free gum or candies can also stimulate saliva flow due to increased chewing activity. In more severe cases, a dentist might recommend specific treatments such as fluoride trays to protect the teeth from decay. Addressing underlying causes, when possible, forms a crucial part of managing xerostomia, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach to treatment and symptom relief.