Hijras are a distinct socio-cultural group, often considered a third gender, predominantly found in South Asia, particularly in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Historically, they have been mentioned in ancient texts and have played significant roles in royal courts and religious ceremonies. The term "Hijra" can encompass eunuchs, intersex people, and transgender individuals, although their identity can vary widely from one person to another. Hijras traditionally live in close-knit communities led by a guru, forming a familial network that offers support and security to its members. These communities have their own set of rules and hierarchies, which help maintain their cultural continuity.
The legal recognition of Hijras has been a contentious issue. In India, Hijras were granted the status of a third gender by the Supreme Court in 2014, a landmark ruling that aimed to ensure their right to self-identify as neither male nor female. This decision was significant as it came with directives that mandated the government to provide them with quotas in jobs and education, and to ensure that they have access to health care. Similarly, in 2009, the Supreme Court of Pakistan also recognized them as a third gender, which led to their inclusion in the national census for the first time in 2017.
Despite these legal advances, Hijras often face severe discrimination, stigma, and socio-economic exclusion. Their visibility in society often subjects them to ridicule and abuse, which can lead to severe psychological stress and isolation. Employment opportunities are scarce, forcing many to rely on begging, performing at ceremonies, or sex work for their livelihood. This precarious socio-economic status exacerbates their vulnerability to various health issues, including a higher risk of HIV infection. Educational opportunities for Hijras are also limited, further entrenching their marginalization.
Culturally, Hijras have a significant role in certain Hindu rituals and ceremonies. It is considered auspicious to have Hijras perform at weddings and childbirths, where they confer blessings for fertility and prosperity. They are often associated with certain Hindu deities like Lord Krishna and Shiva, sometimes in androgynous forms, reflecting the fluidity of gender in Hindu mythology. This cultural niche provides them with a space of respect and reverence, contrasting sharply with their often-precarious daily experiences. The complex identity and status of Hijras highlight the intersection of culture, gender, and social justice, making their community a focal point for discussions on gender_diversity and rights in South Asia.