The term "Itihasas" originates from the Sanskrit language, where it is derived from the words "iti" meaning 'thus', and "hasa" meaning 'happened'; together, it denotes "thus it happened." Itihasas refer to the epic historical narratives of ancient India, primarily encompassing the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. These texts not only chronicle the legendary tales of heroes, gods, and demons but also interweave philosophical, ethical, and moral lessons that have profound implications on the cultural and spiritual ethos of India. They are considered Smriti literature, which translates to 'that which is remembered', as opposed to Shruti texts, which are believed to be 'that which is heard' and divinely revealed.
The Ramayana, composed by the sage Valmiki, narrates the life and adventures of Prince Rama of Ayodhya. It is an epic narrative that illustrates the virtues of honor, loyalty, and the dharma (righteous path) through the trials and tribulations faced by Rama, his wife Sita, and his loyal brother Lakshmana. The epic is famed for its exploration of the concepts of duty, righteousness, and devotion, epitomized in the characters' lives. The narrative's impact stretches far beyond just a literary masterpiece; it profoundly influences Indian art, culture, and daily social practices, underpinning various cultural rituals and festivals like Diwali, which celebrates Rama's return to Ayodhya.
Similarly, the Mahabharata, attributed to the sage Vyasa, is an extensive epic considerably longer than the Ramayana and even the Iliad and the Odyssey combined. It encompasses an array of philosophical and theological discourses, with the Bhagavad Gita forming its spiritual core. The Gita, a conversation between Prince Arjuna and his charioteer Krishna—who is revealed to be an avatar of Vishnu—addresses the moral and philosophical dilemmas faced by Arjuna on the battlefield. The Mahabharata embodies intricate narratives of politics, war, love, and betrayal, making it a pivotal study in the exploration of human nature and morality. The text serves as a fundamental guide on living through its portrayal of the universal quest for life's ultimate truths.
The influence of the Itihasas extends beyond literature and religion into various other fields such as dance, drama, painting, and sculpture throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The epic tales have been adapted into countless regional languages and artistic expressions, fostering a rich tradition of storytelling and moral instruction. They act as a mirror to the societal structure and norms of ancient Indian civilization, offering insights into the socio-political dynamics and philosophical paradigms of the time. Moreover, the Itihasas play a crucial role in the pedagogical framework of India, being integral to education both in formal settings and in familial storytelling traditions, thereby continuing to shape the ethical and cultural fabric of Indian society.